Internal and External Communication on Bp Gulf Oil Spill...

Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Analysis 3 Internal communication 3 External communication 6 Conclusion 10 Recommendation 11 Internal communication 11 External communication 12 Executive Summary BP oil spill in April 2010, had incurred serious damage to both the company and publics. Though some internal and external communication strategies were carried out after the accident, more improvements should be made by BP to maintain the safety and reputation. The internal strategies used by BP, employing appropriate communication channels and appointing a CEO who is familiar with American cultures, need to be analysed and evaluated, as well as the external strategies aiming at reacting to†¦show more content†¦The perfect strategies can facilitate employees’ communication and promote engagement, which are crucial in challenging times. Some positive effects brought by the strategy are demonstrated as below. Through these channels, everyone is kept aligned on the shared goals and informed where the corporation is and is going. Employees can be motivated to work for BP because they feel proud of being perceived as part of the whole group. The sense of responsibilities for the corporation, hence, is supposed to be instilled in employees’ minds that all members need to understand how to build a successful team. The sense of responsibilities is believed to be crucial in preventing accidents like the oil spill. According to Hammer (2011), the investigation proved that the blowout preventer stack would not have stopped the disaster even if it had functioned perfectly, because it was activated too late by the rig crew. As the evidence shows, the accident, to some extent, could be attributed to the serious human failure. Aiming at promote engagements and involvements, the appropriate strategies can make employees feel more responsible for BP’s collective interests and take more act ions to protect BP’s reputation or safety. In addition, these channels provide the platform where employees and employers are related to eachShow MoreRelatedEthics Paper MGT/498852 Words   |  4 Pagesis the oil and gas company BP p.l.c. In 2010, a massive oil spill broke out in the Gulf of Mexico that was caused by oil drilling conducted by this Company and its key contractors. This oil spill caused the death of eleven individuals and cost the company and its partners tens of billions of dollars in order to contain a blowout of the well, mitigate the damages caused and compensate all the individuals and businesses impacted by the spill.(The Telegraph). As a result of this oil spill, the USRead MoreCrisis management; BP2129 Words   |  9 Pagesconcern British Petroleum (BP). At first I would like to provide more information about the crisis and its consequences, then I will identify the kind of crisis we have to deal with, I will discuss the several communication strategies BP have used, I will explain the different reactions of the public on the crisis. At last, I will give the oil concern some advice, in case a reoccurrence takes place. The BP oil spill The BP oil spill was a big natural disaster in the Gulf of Mexico on the 20th ofRead MoreBp Management, Ethical And Social Behavior1114 Words   |  5 Pageskilling 11 workers and releasing oil from the well into an ocean. This paper will discuss BP management, ethical and social behavior. BP along with a few of its partners Transocean and Halliburton was involved in the gulf oil spill. The explosion of the drilling rig Deepwater Horizon was the root cause of the oil spill. This paper will focus on BP organization behavioral issues that caused the economic, environmental, and human losses. The research further focuses on what BP leadership could have doneRead MoreThe Analysis Of The Deepwater Horizon Study Group1365 Words   |  6 PagesBP leadership along with partners did not have proper governance and process to evaluate the risk that they are willing to take. The employee at every level does not know how much risk to take nor did any corporate policy exist to guide them. Having zero risk tolerance and zero safety defects in these complex operations ensure there are no human losses. The analysis of the Deepwater Horizon Study Group (2011) (p.11) shows that the leadership was concerned about how much money was spent in excessRead MoreThe BP Oil Spill and Leadership Issues3870 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿The BP Oil Spill An Introductory Background - One of the most controversial ecological disasters in recent history focused on multinational British Petroleum and their Gulf of Mexico Operations. The Deepwater Oil Disaster began on April 20, 2010 with an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon Oil platform, killing 11, injuring 17. It was not until July 15th, however, that the leak was stopped by capping the wellhead, after releasing almost 5 million barrels (206 million gallons) of crude oil, or 53,000Read MoreBp Sustainability Essay28986 Words   |  116 Pagescom/sustainability 2 A letter from our group chief executive / 4 How BP is changing 6 Gulf of Mexico oil spill / 14 How we operate / 22 Energy future 30 Safety / 34 Environment / 38 Society Within hours of the Deepwater Horizon accident, BP teams were working to stop the leak. We also acted to minimize the spill’s impact on the environment by containing, removing and dispersing oil offshore, protecting the shoreline and cleaning up oil that came ashore. And we worked with wildlife groups to developRead MoreThe Planning Function of Management at British Petroleum1241 Words   |  5 PagesBP organization direction Planning function of management British Petroleum (BP) has had their key successes from the various strategies and goals that the organization has which include the companys technology transformation and alignment of objectives to the analysis of its competitors and market conditions. This is what has helped to make BP a successful company. The company believes that the essence of its survival is its ability to gain strategic and competitive advantage which has helpedRead MoreOil And The Deep Water Horizon Drilling Platform5125 Words   |  21 Pagesto showcase and explain the costs and losses of the explosion and sinking of the Deep Water Horizon Drilling Platform owned by Transocean and leased by BP Oil and the sea-floor oil gusher that flowed through 87 days in the Gulf of Mexico. We will showcase the costs and loses from the beginning of the disaster, which was in April 20th to until the oil flusher was capped on, which was in July 15th. Moreover, we will show the consequences and legal actions that were take n after the disaster occurredRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in GRI2657 Words   |  11 Pagesproducts. Examples include management earnings forecast, social and environmental reports, information on achieved projects and company targets, and risks management. Internal reporting provides critical feedback to employees that enables them to see how their individual contributions add to the success of the organization. External reporting is an opportunity for an organization to share its sustainability story with the world. Attention to CSR matters has grown increasingly over the last 20 yearsRead MoreArchetypes: Strategic Management and Firm Specific Advantages1632 Words   |  7 Pagesvalue chains now contain activities that are tightly integrated. This means that firms and workers in widely separated locations affect one another more than they have in the past. So for example BP an international coordinator, when there where oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico, it suddenly affected all other BP operations, because their branding image was looked in a worse way, decreasing its organization reputation. 7. Why is a multi-centered MNE characterized by maximum local responsiveness?

The Metamorphosis by F. Kafka Free Essays

Franz Kafka belongs to those writers of the twentieth century whose fiction express sorrow over the fracturing of human community. Though Kafka remains exceptional in that he enjoyed no public recognition during his lifetime, his world-fame came to him only after his death. His well-developed, modernist parables often do not have any fixed meaning, yet they reflect the insecurities of an age when faith in old-established beliefs has crumbled. We will write a custom essay sample on The Metamorphosis by F. Kafka or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kafka masterfully combines within one framework the knowable and mysterious, an exact portrayal of the factual world with a dreamlike and magical dissolution of it. By unifying those contrary elements he was able to achieve some new fusion style in prose fiction. The analysis of one of his works will allow seeing in what way Kafka attains that profound quality of his expression of the experience of human loss, estrangement, and guilt – an experience increasingly dominant in the modern age. Kafka’s best-known story The Metamorphosis is the demonstrative example of Kafkaesque paradox which consists in clashing the realism of commonplace detail with not just improbable but absurd turns of events. The inner world of Kafka’s character seeps from imaginable to actual, Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis transmews into an insect as the only way to manifest his insect-like relationship to the world, where he lives. It is no dream. The Metamorphosis is peculiar as a narrative in having its climax in the very first sentence: â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.† (Kafka, 19) The rest of the story falls away from this high point of astonishment in one long expiring sigh. This form of narrative, which contradicts all conventional concepts of presenting the discourse, violates the rules just the same as the people’s faith in particular ancient beliefs had been violated in the twentieth century. As it is known, the traditional narrative bases on the drama of dà ©nouement, the so-called solution of complications and the coming to a conclusion. For Kafka such form is not acceptable because it is just exactly the absence of dà ©nouement and conclusions that is his subject matter. His story is about death, but death that is without dà ©nouement, death that is merely a spiritually petering out. The first sentence of The Metamorphosis announces Gregor Samsa’s death and the rest of the story is his slow dying. However, in no case Kafka’s protagonist is going to give up meekly. He struggles against the reality of life which, actually turned out to be a death for him; in his case, it follows, his life is his death and there is no escape. For a moment, it is true, near the end of his long dying, while listening to his sister play the violin, he feels â€Å"as if the way were opening before him to the unknown nourishment he craved† (Kafka, 76); but the nourishment remains unknown, he is locked into his room for the last time and he expires. What Gregor awakens to on the morning of his metamorphosis is the truth of his life. His ordinary consciousness has lied to him about himself; now he is confronted with the transference from his habitual self-understanding into the nightmare of truth. That dreadful dream, which he got into, reveals, in fact, reality, which he could not have understood before – he is a vermin, a disgusting creature shut out from â€Å"the human circle.† (Kafka, 33) At this point it should be underlined that Kafka prefers to use a metaphor, so that Gregor Samsa is not like a vermin but he is vermin. Anything less than metaphor, such as a simile comparing Gregor to vermin, would diminish the reality of what Kafka is trying to represent. Gregor appears in a dream and it is only natural that a dreamer, while dreaming, takes his dream for reality. However, his metamorphosis is indeed no dream but a revelation of the truth. And this truth is composed of an array of facts. First of all he grasps the deteriorative effect of his job upon his soul, the job that materially supports him but cuts him off from the possibility of real human associations: Oh God, he thought, what an exhausting job I’ve picked on! Traveling about day in, day out. It’s much more irritating work than doing the actual business in the office, and on top of that there’s the trouble of constant traveling, of worrying about train connections, the bad and irregular meals, the human associations that are no sooner struck up than they are ended without ever becoming intimate. The devil take it all! (Kafka, 20) He has been sacrificing himself by working at his meaningless, degrading job so as to pay off an old debt of his parents’ to his employer. Otherwise â€Å"I’d have given notice long ago, I’d have gone to the chief and told him exactly what I think of him.† (Kafka, 21) But even now, with the truth of his self-betrayal pinning him on his back to his bed, he is unable to claim himself for himself and decide to quit—he must wait â€Å"another five or six years†: Once I’ve saved enough money to pay back my parents’ debts to him—that should take another five or six years—I’ll do it without fail. I’ll cut myself completely loose then. For the moment, though, I’d better get up, since my train goes at five. (Kafka, 21) Another truth revealed through metamorphosis is the situation in the Samsa family: on the surface, the official sentiments of the parents and the sister toward Gregor, and of Gregor toward them and toward himself; underneath, the horror and disgust, and self-disgust: â€Å"†¦ family duty required the suppression of disgust and the exercise of patience, nothing but patience.† (Kafka, 65) His metamorphosis is a judgment on himself from the standpoint of his defeated humanity. Philip Rahv has very suggestively analyzed the subjective meaning of the insect symbol here by showing that quite frequently brothers and sisters are symbolically represented in dreams as animals or insects and that, since in this story of family life one of the underlying themes is the displacement of Samsa in the family hierarchy by his sister, it should, on the psychological plane, be looked upon as, on Kafka’s part, a construct of wish and guilt thoughts. (Rahv, pp. 61-62) Gregor breaks out of his room the first time hoping that his transformation will turn out to be â€Å"nonsense†; the second time, in the course of defending at least his hope of returning to his â€Å"human past.† His third eruption, in Part III, has quite a different aim. The final section of the story discovers a Gregor who tries to dream again, after a long interval, of resuming his old place at the head of the family, but the figures from the past that now appear to him—his boss, the chief clerk, traveling salesmen, a chambermaid (â€Å"a sweet and fleeting memory†), and so on—cannot help him, â€Å"they were one and all unapproachable and he was glad when they vanished.† (Kafka, 69) Defeated, he finally gives up all hope of returning to the human community. Now his existence slopes steeply toward death. His room is now the place in which all the household’s dirty old decayed things are thrown, along with Gregor, a dirty old decaye d thing; and he has just stopped eating. At first he had thought he was unable to eat out of â€Å"chagrin over the state of his room† (72).   But then he discovered that he got â€Å"increasing enjoyment† from crawling about the filth and junk. On the last evening of his life, watching from his room the lodgers whom his family have taken in putting away a good supper, he comes to a crucial realization: â€Å"I’m hungry enough,† said Gregor sadly to himself, â€Å"but not for that kind of food. How these lodgers are stuffing themselves, and here am I dying of starvation!†(Kafka, 74) In giving up at last all hope of reentering the human circle, Gregor finally understands the truth about his life; which is to say he accepts the knowledge of his death, for the truth about his life is his death-in-life by his banishment from the human community. But having finally accepted the truth, he begins to sense a possibility that exists for him only in his outcast state. He is hungry enough, he reali zes, but not for the world’s stuff, â€Å"not for that kind of food.† (Kafka, 74) When Gregor breaks out of his room the third and last time, he is no longer trying to deceive himself about himself and get back to his old life with its illusions about belonging to the human community. What draws him out of his room the last night of his life is his sister’s violin playing. Although he had never cared for music in his human state, now the notes of the violin attract him surprisingly. Indifferent to the others, at last he has the courage to think about himself. The filthy starving underground creature advances onto â€Å"the spotless floor of the living room† where his sister is playing for the three lodgers. Here Kafka makes use of the idea that music expresses the inexpressible, that it points to a hidden sphere of spiritual power and meaning. Creating in The Metamorphosis a character who is real and unreal, replete with meaning and empty of self, Kafka encourages his readers to fill in the void that exists at the center of the insect-Gregor’s self. Thus, as a reader, one can come to conclusion that Gregor’s metamorphosis is a symbol of his alienation from the human state, of his â€Å"awakening† to the full horror of his dull, spiritless existence, and of the desperate self-disgust of his unconscious life. Reference: Kafka, Franz (1952) Selected Short Stories of Franz Kafka. Translators Edwin Muir, Willa Muir New York: Modern Library, 1952 Rahv, Philip. (1939). Franz Kafka: the Hero as Lonely Man. The Kenyon Review, I (1) How to cite The Metamorphosis by F. Kafka, Essay examples

Allowing Guns on Campus Will Prevent Shootings, Rape free essay sample

A graduate student leaving an evening class walks along the poorly lit sidewalk to the parking lot—it is a long, cold walk in the pitch-black night, and the student grows wary as shadows begin lurking in the distance. Suddenly, someone jumps out in front of the student, immediately threatening her with force. Before the student can react, she is raped and robbed. This is a very scary scenario, and one that happens on the SCSU campus every year. It seems like every week we get an e-mail citing another attack on students somewhere on or near campus. However, all of these attacks could be prevented if we allow students to carry guns as a means of self-defense. Although safety is my biggest concern, there are other arguments that point to this solution as well. First, it is our Second Amendment right to bear arms. Although debates have gone on about how it should be interpreted, I believe it means that if law abiding, trained and eligible citizens would like to carry a gun with them in self-defense, they should be able to. We will write a custom essay sample on Allowing Guns on Campus Will Prevent Shootings, Rape or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right now, that does not include campus. â€Å"The law, as it stands now, does not prohibit carry on campus,† said Terence McCloskey, SCSU campus leader for Students for Concealed Carry on Campus (SCCC). â€Å"It allows universities to establish rules restricting carry on campus by students and staff. † According to the March 2007 Safety and Security bulletin in section 2. 1, â€Å"Alcoholic beverages, non-regulated drugs, explosives, guns and ammunition are not permitted on SCSU property. † This rule, I believe, is a violation of my Second Amendment rights. The second reason guns should be allowed is because it will give students, such as the one in the scenario, a sense of security and comfort when they are in a normally uncomfortable situation or area. The opposition would say that although the person with the gun is comfortable, it makes others around that person uncomfortable or afraid to speak up in class. Well, let me ask you this: How often do you feel uncomfortable or scared about someone near you having a gun when you go to a movie theater? Probably not too often. However, McCloskey said that 1 percent of Minnesotans have a permit to carry guns. â€Å"That means that every time they go to a movie theater with around 200 people inside, they are sitting with two people that are carrying a gun,† McCloskey said. There are people all around us that have guns, and it seems to be handled just fine. After all, the 1 percent that do carry guns have to meet certain requirements—guns are not handed out to just anyone. Minnesota law requires everyone to have a permit in order to own a handgun, and to obtain one you must be 21 years of age, be a U. S.  citizen, have training in the safe use of a pistol, not be a felon, not have a domestic violence offense in the last 10 years, not be a person convicted of stalking, as well as many other restrictions. You can find these laws on the State of Minnesota Web site. The final reason that guns should be allowed to be carried by students who obtain a permit is that it could prevent a tragic shooting like the one at Virginia Tech a couple of years ago. â€Å"Our best and our brightest are in an unprotected environment and are essentially being led to the slaughter,† said Keith Moum in an article in the Missourian. â€Å"It’s not as graphic as that, but it clearly shows that there is an element out there that has targeted college students. † If guns had been allowed on that campus, that tragedy may have been least minimized. So, in order to make the SCSU campus and other campuses nationwide a safe, comfortable environment for everyone, we need to allow the ability to carry a gun on campus. Not only will it make a student carrying a gun feel safe, it can prevent a tragic shooting, a robbery, or a rape. It is our right. Let us exercise it.

William Penn Summary free essay sample

William Peens life in a very informational and positively biased story through his years. He looks majority on the side that William Peens decisions were right and that his childhood and young adulthood, founding of Pennsylvania, and in his later years his selling of Pennsylvania were all done well. William Penn accomplished a lot and was an esteemed gentleman, and the author really portrays him as such while describing everything William did, as well as his relationships.And so the novel starts off with William Peens fathers influence on William Penn Jar. In many different ways. In the beginning of the story it was neglect. He was always gone and never had time for William Penn Jar. William Penn Jar. Became very close to his mother as a result. Not having his fathers companionship created a lacking Of a male role model, as well as his teachers lacking male role model potential. We will write a custom essay sample on William Penn Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When William Penn Sir. Moved his family to Ireland he was able to bond more with William Penn Jar. And this helped him and many different ways.His introduction to Quakerism was legalized in Ireland when a preacher did a sermon at their house and William Penn Jar. Was very moved by it. This proved vital with the combination of religious influence from his mentor and professors to young Williams devotion to being holy later in his life. When the commonwealth and Cromwell died off the family exited exile and this allowed Charles II to regain his throne. Sir William Penn was knighted for his devotion to the Stuart monarchy. This helps shape William Penn Jar. s interests in the family reputation and makes him feel like he is a part of it, as his father wanted. On arriving at Oxford he was unlike all the other attendants which worried his father. Then he became acquainted with dissenters of the university and immediately knew these were the people he fit in with. This was one example of Peens early conversion to Quakerism without knowing yet. Then his father retired causing him to settle down and become more in touch with his son again. He sent young William Penn off to law school to learn law in the hopes he would gain friends in high places for the future while finishing his education. William Penn Jar. As soon then placed into local politics by his ether and held a commissioner job for helping out down on their luck people, a sort of welfare. This job reinforced his likening of the Quaker faith as they helped people without reason while being persecuted, which William Penn Jar. Witnessed during his less than a year work. William Penn Sir. Then sent his son to Ireland to settle legalities of his new land that was a result of Irish Royalists taking back their old estate. He inadvertently was finally convinced to be a Quaker during a visit to Cork. Even after his personal persecution by Quakerism, he stood stalwart to his new faith.William Penn Jar. Became a Quaker when it was at the worse time to become one. With the laws set forth to conform everyone to Anglicanism, Quakers went like Iambs to the slaughter because of their clear defiance of the law. Fortunately for William Penn Jar. His incarcerations were brief because of his political standing and being the son of Admiral Penn. But William Penn Jar. Was steadfast in his beliefs of Quakerism and this cost him later in his religious affairs. Upon William Penn Jar. Release he was well known spokesperson and writer of the Quaker movement. Many praised him for his zealous, nonconformist visage. He then went on to write a pamphlet (or apology), that was to prove Quaker beliefs and motives, and their reasoning behind them. Even with William Penn Jar. s fantastic writing skills and logic, the pamphlet was discredited and condemned by the masses, and young Penn was incarcerated in The Tower. His stay lasted shy of 9 months and during this time he wrote another pamphlet which was his ultimate piece upon release, it contained more than 600 pages. But his untimely release was only met because of his conformity to his beliefs on the trinity which he refuted in his earlier intending pamphlet.He wrote a apology for his beliefs on Jesus Christ the savior and was released by the king because of it. It isnt really to say whether or not William Penn Jar. Really believed in what he wrote in that apology for a good period of his life. Within a Year of Young William Peens release, William Penn Sir. Had passed away. William Penn after departing for a sidestep to see Gull his future wife, stayed an extra 4 days because of Gull and this marked the start of their soon to be marriage. Although this was postponed 3 years because of William Peens work that needed to be finished for his father in Ireland.Penn worked hard to obtain the release of captive Quakers in prison during his visit to Ireland. His fathers affairs came after his Quaker faith during his arrival in Ireland. He persistently attempted to gain release while having knowledge of The Courts ways to help his cause. Peens hard work bayed off and his friends were released from prisons via Peens invaluable skills of politics, persuasion, and influence on the Stuart Court and Brokers of the Court. After his Quaker escapades, William Penn Jar. Immediately attended to his fathers errands which majority were good and serving a good job for William Penn Sir.But his fathers health was failing and William Penn Jar. Soon rushed home to England upon receiving a scary letter from his mother. He left his advisor in charge of the Irish affairs that he had brought with him. In retaliation of the great George Foxs arrest for preaching in a public place, William Penn Jar. Could not sit idle and let his friends be persecuted against, so he began to speak in the same place as Fox and was immediately arrested and brought forth to the same man Fox was judged by, but he was not so forgiving as he as to Fox.It could have been jealousy, or to prove his loyalty, but whatever the case, young Penn was to be sent to a terrible place of foul stench. Fortunately for Penn and his comrade, a clause in the law allowed for a trial by jury. Peens trial was lasted four days and was one Of the most famous trials in all of English law history. The court officials were so poor in their character and were so illegal that went the verdict was said to be not guilty, the jurors were sentenced fines until either they had the right verdict or they paid the fines.They all refused to pay the fines as well as William Penn ND his comrade, and were sent to Negate prison, the worst Engla nd had to offer. The majority bayed their fine but the rest were set free after 2 months and sued for their rights against the officials. This was one of the biggest events in English law history and William Penn had no idea at the time. Upon growing apart rapidly and frustratingly, William Peens mother, Lady Penn, died partly because of the fact that Penn was gone so much from his mother.The bond inhibited the two decreased over timer and sadly she pasted and was buried next to William Penn ;s father, William Penn Sir. Again ad, William Penn had to write a letter to Gull and the children of his family, because Penn was leaving for what is named after him, Pennsylvania. He instructed in his letters to raise his kids to be educated unlike himself, with useful skills. He did not want them attending schools like Oxford where he went, because it was full of bad influences. Much like what we see in America, he wanted them to be taught by a tutor in their home that stayed with them.Before embarking on his quest to the colonies, Penn suffered a great loss when his financial correspondent Phillip Ford snuck his way in to Williams sockets by having him sign papers that would come back to haunt him dearly in the future. Peens arrival was a year after the settlement of the colony first started. It was vast but because of religious freedom, was not full of Quakers. The amazing thing was how rapidly Pennsylvania expanded though. Pennsylvania had opportunities no other colony supported, had a chance to become in the upper class off of shear dedication, hard work, and a good socioeconomic plan.Pennsylvania run under William Peens Advertising with good neighboring colonies and trade supplied the colony with maximum efficiency to become one of the fastest growing colonies in the time when making a new colony was the best. Penn was very pro slavery. He owned slaves himself, rationalized why owning slaves was not wrong if all men were created equal, and how it would help him with the friends (Quakers) that had money. Penn ran his estate off of a purely black crew and when anti slavery Quakers cracked down on him, Penn disbanded them, but still kept t-van. O servants until his death which he did not release. Plentiful economic opportunity, divine climate, and semi equal gender division increased Pennsylvania growth immensely. The capital, Philadelphia, was named by two Greek words meaning, brotherly love. This was important because William Penn established a colony off of Quaker idealism and equality for all. William Penn envisioned a city unlike that of London and Paris, and rural towns as well, but of the suburbs we see today. He wanted straight streets, houses with area on each side for gardening and lawns, and it to be symmetrically stable and beautiful.Much to William Peens dismay, Philadelphia by the time Of his death was a disorderly crowded and filthy city, just as any other English port itty. The vast melting pot that became Pennsylvania was unlike that of what Penn first thought of when colonizing Pennsylvania. The ethnic and religious diversity became a big part of Pennsylvania RECIPES. Indians were a key part to Pennsylvania as well as the colony live peacefully with them mainly due to the fact that they less in number from many ailments. Peace agreements and general lack of hostility also attributed to the success of the financial growth and prosperity. Penn treated the Native Americans with respect and for the first time in history showed that the Native Americans were the true owners f the land, and this ultimately proved how much better Pennsylvania was than previous colonies. Sadly with all the success, there was bad news for William Penn. War struck up with France producing numerous amounts of tension filled bouts between Penn and the government. With the illegal trading and William Peens status as high figure of economic and royal importance, the Pennsylvania colony was a priority, giving the agreement excuse to strip William Penn of his land.Because of the colonies Quaker background it was specifically target for defiance and absence in defensive help to England. Penn Fought tooth and nail to keep his land against many people such as Robert Quarry, and the Church of England as well. William Penn was able to produce sufficient argument especially when it came to economics on his behalf to keep his colony under his control inst ead of the unification of the colonies. Upon William Oils untimely death parliament closed the case down, in most ways, William Penn had won.When Robert Quarry was fired and lost his camping, a small victory for William Penn, he attempted to sway the board of trade with a letter to disgust Penn because of his manipulation of them so he could untied his plans in spite of them. This of course was not true and upon Queen Ann.s, the daughter of James II, reign William Penn was happily in the rays of royal favor. With the new government, Penn was supplied with power from many new rulers he had befriended and as a result allowing him to keep his colony.The changing point in Peens fight was that of when William Penn gained and audience with the Queen and Anne allowed him to hold his land for one year without interference from the Lords of Trade. Suspiring to everyone, William Penn after just about a years time offered to ell his right to govern Pennsylvania to The Crown because of his position in life and debt to Philip Ford who had wronged William badly. Penn was also weary of his colonists as they were fighting him in a struggle for many things like paying their rent.The timing was perfect for William Penn to keep hold of his land and the Ideals and lifestyle that he had come to create. Unfortunately William Penn was a poor choice in character and when Hamilton the governor died, Williams replacement was very bad indeed. Peens next replacement after public outcry was a military leader because he ad no choice, he in debtors jail. The Fords had bankrupt him and after many a dispute and some help from the Duke of Marlborough, William Penn exited prison for the last time and bayed his debt off.William Peens family was very large by now and as it happened, they hardly knew William at all. His second wife, Hannah, had seven children, two of which would not make it to adulthood, with William. The son of William Penn, or Billy was more off cavalier like his grandfather, much to the dismay of his father. He did not see Pennsylvania as the Quaker haven but a cash cow to fit his lavished life style. Due to his unruly behavior, he lost his favor with is father and was no longer the heir of Pennsylvania.He did not attend his father at his deathbed in 1718. The colony he original founded had lost its touch and was infected by upper- class superiority. The feeling of community was lost and William had Had enough while searching for a new inheritor. William Penn decided it best to gain monetary value of his colony that had fallen into disarray and offered it to The Crown again for 20,000 pounds. This time the Queen accepted it, although the process was slowed when William Penn had a minor stroke in 1712.

cell essays

cell essays Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, is a chronic illness this means that it has no cure and the symptoms persist over a long period of time. This illness is a result of an imbalance of hormones, insulin, produced in the pancreas. Insulin plays an important role in how the body uses food. Insulin enables the cells in the bloodstream to absorb and use glucose for fuel. If the pancreas produces too little or no insulin or if the insulin doesnt work properly the person may become diabetic. Therefore, diabetics are not able to properly convert food into fuels needed by the body to function, which can seriously lead to physical consequences. The pancreas, located behind the stomach, is a long, thin organ about the length of the hand. It is the organ that is responsible for the development of diabetes. The pancreas has two different types of cells, called alpha and beta cells, which produce insulin. Insulin is responsible for breaking down food that enters the body, turning into fuel that can be used by the body, and distributing it to the various parts of the body. The fuels needed for the body to function are known as glucose. Glucose is sugar manufactured when the carbohydrates we eat are digested. Carbohydrates are foods that contain a large amount of sugar or starch. Bread, fruit, ice cream, and cereal are good examples of foods that are high in carbohydrates. Glucose is the main provider of energy for the majority of bodily functions. The glucose level in the blood changes in response to a persons a daily activity, from eating a meal, to stressful situations. Attempts to transplant part of a normal pancreas into a diabetic have not been very successful. The operation is a difficult one and only about 40 percent of the transplanted organs are still working. One major problem is that some way has to be found to stop the digestive juices leaking out and digesting the insulin. Pancreatic transplants have mainly been attempted ...

Why Some Red Japanese Maples Have Green Leaves

Why Some Red Japanese Maples Have Green Leaves Japanese maples (Acer palmatum) are a small ornamental tree much prized in the landscape. Several cultivars have been developed based on  native species, and the  ones used in landscaping are  chosen for their distinctive colors- bright green, dark  red, or reddish  purple. Red Trees That Turn Green It can come as something of a shock, then, when a tree we picked because of its color begins to change to another color over time. Japanese maples are one such tree in which this frequently happens. Usually, it is a red or purple cultivar that gradually begins  to transform into a green tree, and this can be disappointing if youve selected the tree specifically because of its color.   The Biology of Color Change in Japanese Maples To understand how a trees color can shift, you need to understand how horticulturists obtain those unusual colors in the first place. All true Japanese maples are variants of the sturdy green  Acer palmatum. If you happen to have one of these pure species types, theres almost no chance that your tree will change colors. To produce tree  cultivars with unusual  colors, horticulturists may begin with the original species root-stock, then graft on branches with different characteristics. (There are other ways in which tree cultivars can be created, but this is a common technique used for Japanese maples.)   Many tree cultivars  originally start as a genetic accident or an aberration that appeared on an otherwise normal tree.  If that aberration  was appealing, horticulturists  may then seek to propagate that mistake and create a whole line of trees that duplicate that unusual characteristic. Many trees with variegated  leaves or unique leaf colors or unusual fruits began their lives as sports, or genetic mistakes that were then deliberately cultivated through different methods, including grafting new branches onto hardy rootstocks. In the case of red or purple Japanese maples, branches from trees with desired colors are grafted onto hardier rootstocks that are more durable in the landscape.   On a  Japanese maple, harsh weather or other factors sometimes kill off the grafted branches, which are usually attached to the rootstock near ground level. When this happens, the new branches that sprout (sucker) up from the ground will have the genetic makeup of the original rootstock- which will be green, rather than red or purple. Or,  its possible that new branches may sucker up from below the graft in addition to the red-leaved branches that are grafted onto the tree. In this case, you may suddenly find yourself with a tree that has both green- and red-leaved branches.   How to Correct or Prevent the Problem You may be able to catch the problem before it becomes severe if you periodically inspect the tree and pinch off any small branches that appear below the graft line on the tree. This may result in a tree thats somewhat asymmetrical for a time, but steady work getting rid of the green branches sprouting from below the graft line will eventually return the tree to its desired color. Japanese maples, though, do not tolerate heavy pruning, and because this is a slow-growing tree, it takes patience over time to allow the tree to form a natural shape.   Should your tree lose all its grafted branches- as sometimes happens when Japanese maples are planted in the northern limits of their hardiness zone range- your tree cannot be returned to its red color. All branches that sucker up from below the graft will be green in color. You can either learn to love the green Japanese maple or replace the tree.

Port Strategy and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Port Strategy and Development - Essay Example In determining the pricing in ports, the ports management should consider cargo handling, the time in port, port dues and charges. Indeed, the main objectives of port pricing include profit maximization, economic efficiency, macro-economic policy, and income distribution. However, there are many challenges that relate to port pricing like transparency, competition, cost recovery, discrimination, price review vs. yardstick benchmarking simplicity, and cross-subsidy. As such, ports should set their prices by analyzing the complex, network-like structure of principal and intermediary parties in the port, flow of services and related charges, differentiation and price discrimination in the market for port services, demand and supply in the ports, and competition. However, setting and comparison of port prices is becoming a challenge subject to the wide variability in the population of ships and cargoes that each port handles. However, this paper will address the methods and strategies fo r port pricing in the Port of Melbourne in Australia. In doing this, I will review port pricing, port capacity, investment, competition and regulation. The essay will compare port pricing in the Port of Melbourne with port pricing theory and different port prices models. In conclusion, the paper will draw my opinion.

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Socrates - Essay Example This doctrine of Socrates is right. Suppose, if a person has a psychological some problem and he or she feels happy to cut his or her skin, then in the light of this example, the doctrine of Socrates hold true, because by cutting skin that person cannot benefit himself or herself in any way. So the doctrine of Socrates is right that the person do evil actions to get some benefit. In Philosophy, there are two concepts about evil. One concept is narrow evil and the other is broad evil. Broad concept of evil divides evil acts in natural evil and moral evil. Moral evils are result of human intentions whereas natural evils do not results from the intentions of the human beings. The narrow concept of evil includes the most despicable actions character and events. Philosophy is also of the view that the clash of interest in different people causes evil to prevail despite the fact all think it wrong. In essence, Socrates was of the view that human beings are responsible for evils and evils harm the person who does evil acts. His thinking is right as the person who does evil act, does wrong to his of herself. Philosophy also asserts that human beings are responsible for evil

Popularity of Soccer Essay Example for Free

Popularity of Soccer Essay When the United States national soccer team defeated the Spanish national team in the semifinals of the 2009 Confederations Cup, many sportswriters and fans called the U. S team’s win one of the biggest upsets in modern soccer. Although the United States is known for having dominant sports teams, many refuse to admit that the United States has a good soccer team, let alone believe that Americans know about the sport soccer. In all fairness, even people in the United States do not believe that Americans know a lot about the sport and think it is a unpopular sport in the U. Â  S. Long has been the misconception that soccer is not popular in the United States and that many Americans do not even know the rules of the game. In an episode of Family Guy, Chris Griffin is playing in a soccer game. The bleachers are almost empty with the exception of a handful amount of people. When a ball is kicked towards Chris, he catches the ball. The referee, dressed like an American football official, awards Chris’s opponents a penalty kick with a tone and style of his speech as that of a football official. A parent of Chris’s teammate yells out in anger because Chris’s mistake awards the other team an immense advantage. This scene exemplifies the common misconception about soccer in the United States. The small number of audience in the crowd suggests that soccer is not a popular sport in America. Chris’s lack of knowledge of the sport and the inaccurate uniform of the referee imply that many Americans do not know the rules of soccer and are not familiar with the sport because not many Americans play the sport. Furthermore, Chris lacks enthusiasm in his game; this lack of enthusiasm illustrates the hypervisiblity of the popularity of soccer in the United States. Soccer was virtually unknown to Americans until 1967 when the first professional soccer league was set up in the United States. The league was named the North American Soccer League (NASL). The league attracted some of the most famous soccer players in the world such as the Brazilian Pele, arguably the best soccer player of all time, and the German Franz Beckenbauer, regarded as the best German player of all time. Although the league attracted some of the greatest players, soccer overall remained a less popular sports like baseball and football in the United States. Perhaps Americans’ reluctance to follow the rules set by the British is the reason for soccer’s initially low popularity. Baseball and football, undoubtedly the two most popular sports in the United States, has its roots in the United Kingdom. An early form of baseball has been played in England in the mid-eighteenth century(The history of baseball). American football was originated from rugby football, which originated in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century(American football history). However, the rules of baseball and American football have been adapted by Americans from their origins to become American sports. Perhaps because Americans put in place their own laws of these sports, baseball and football had been successfully integrated into the American culture and had been immensely popular since their beginnings. Soccer on the other hand, was nowhere near as popular as baseball and football when first introduced in the United States. Soccer’s laws were set forth by the International Football Association Board (IFAB) which consists of the four United Kingdom countries’ associations- England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland(The International FA Board). The fact that the rules of soccer were not created by Americans and the fact that the sport’s rules were created by the United States’s competitive rivals may contribute to soccer’s originally low popularity. Whatever the reason, soccer was clearly not a popular sport in the United States even though it was by far the most popular sport in the world. Certainly, the North American Soccer League (NASL) was not a widely watched league when it was established in 1967. Its low popularity did not improve as the NASL eventually failed in 1984. Although the much improved Major League Soccer (MLS) was founded in 1996(About MLS) to replace the NASL, the MLS was and is still not a very successful league in terms of salary. The average salary of a player in the MLS in 2010 is $138,169 compared to MLB’s $3,297,828 (2010) (MLB Salaries), and NFL’s $990,000 (2009) (NFL Player Salaries). In fact, the MLB’s and the NFL’s minimum salaries are far greater than the average MLS salary. MLB’s minimum salary in 2009 was $400,000(MLBPA Info), while NFL’s minimum salary in 2009 was $310,000. Based solely on salaries of professional athletes in the United States, one can get an idea of the low popularity of soccer compared to sports like baseball and football in the U. S. These stats may seem to support the hypervisibility of soccer’s popularity in the United States, but in reality they do not reflect the growing adoration and acknowledgement of the sport. Soccer’s popularity in America has been growing since the inauguration of the NASL and the MLS. The MLS may seem unpopular based on the salaries of the players in the league, but spectator attendance suggests otherwise. The MLS averages 18,452 people per game, higher than National Basketball League’s 17,110, and NHL’s 17,004. In fact, the MLS’s average attendance is even higher than the Scottish Premier League’s average attendance(Avoiding the Drop). The amount of soccer players in America further emphasizes the tremendous popularity of the sport. In the U. S. , there are a total of 24,472,778 players. This number is far larger than some of the powerhouses in world soccer such as England which has 4,164,110 players, Brazil which has 13,197,733 players, and Spain which has 2,834,190 players(FIFA. com). Lastly, the 2010 World Cup had an average of 24. 3 million viewers in the United States. The World Series and the NBA Finals, on the other hand, only averaged 19. 4 viewers and 18 million viewers respectively(deseretnews. com). The United States was not even in the final of the World Cup and still managed to attract more viewers than the World Series and the NBA finals. Had the U. S. National Team been in the final, the number of viewers of the World Cup final could have been significantly larger. The high number of attendance at MLS games, soccer players in the United States, and viewers of the World Cup final testifies against the hypervisibility that asserts that soccer is an unpopular sport in the United States. However, facts surrounding the attention of soccer in the United States firmly affirms that soccer has now established itself as one of the most popular sports in America.

Internet and Education :: Teaching Essays

Internet and Education Since the Internet was created it has always had an effect on education. After military establishments Universities were the first real contributors to the Internet's structure. The Internet has vastly improved education. There are so many ways that education and the Internet are connected these days. Almost every textbook has a corresponding Internet sight including the one for this course. [http://www.scsite.com/dc2002/ Some sites like these contain valuable tools and accessories to aid in the learning process. As well as notes and multimedia displays, they may include things like hypertext chapters. In the future, there may not even be a need for paper textbooks. The Internet has also enabled teachers to teach a class from thousands of miles away. With video conferencing, a professor in Guam can teach a class in Michigan in close to real-time. Virtually all libraries are now connected over the Internet. At Lake Superior State University you can check the catalogs of almost any library and even check out books from nearby libraries. The Internet has made it easy for researchers to obtain information. No longer do you have to travel to get rare documents they are now just a few clicks away. The corresponding Internet site for this textbook greatly improves the overall effect on the education of students. Students have quick access to any part of the text. They also receive visual and audio stimulation, which has been proven to increase the amount of information the student remembers. Some students are simply not strictly audio learners. Listening to a professor or teacher lecture sometimes just isn't enough for students. With the site they can review material quickly and easily and see the multimedia imagery at their own pace. Students can even take practice tests to see if they have learned the material. Perhaps one of the most impressive things that the Internet has done to improve education is videoconference teaching. Not only can this connect the teacher to a class thousands of miles away; it can also connect a class with other groups or events such as a city counsel meeting. Different classes can interact and discuss topics, or perhaps sit in on a discussion of experts. Some sites such as Global Nomads Group [http://www.gng.org/] offer assistants to educators when it comes to videoconferences.

Girl, Interrupted and Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder remains a very misunderstood psychological condition. This is unfortunate because it is a very serious condition that requires proper and effective treatment to reverse. Thankfully, there have been inroads made in providing clear presentations of the condition to the public. One such way the condition was brought to the public’s attention was through Angelina Jolie’s performance of a character suffering from BPD in the film Girl, Interrupted. In a way, the title of the film is very appropriate.When someone suffers from BPD, their entire life becomes interrupted. While the film infers interrupted represents the interruption of life due to a stay in a mental hospital, the character’s life has always been interrupted. This is due to the extreme stress that BPD places on a person’s life and how it interferes with the ability to create positive relationships. In particular, the Lisa Rowe character that Angelina Jolie plays displa ys the worst traits of severe mental illness.Rowe is extremely belligerent, unresponsive to treatment, and seemingly has an anti-authority attitude. This, ultimately, undermines any progress she may otherwise achieve through her psychiatric treatment. In a way, Lisa uses her condition as a perverse form of empowerment. She is diagnosed a sociopath and this would infer that she has little care what others think of her. Of course, it would also infer she does not worry about the feelings of others. This is why she acts in such a belligerent manner towards other members of the staff.While her actions do nothing towards improving her condition, it does allow her life to be a little easier in its own somewhat demented way. One of the most interesting aspects of this character is the bizarre â€Å"love/hate† relationship she has with the institution. While she repeatedly escapes the institution, she consistently returns to it. Granted, it is not always be her own choice but it woul d seem that at certain times she prefers residing in the institution. Now, why would this be?It would seem that while Lisa resents her captivity, she enjoys the semblance of security that it provides. Lisa suffers from a serious psychiatric condition. And, true, her condition is made worse due to her own actions. She knows she cannot survive in the â€Å"real world† so she only experiences it in small doses. This is why she is repeating entering and exiting the institution. While this may provide her with short term relief, it thoroughly undermines any potential progress she could achieve if she ceased her errant and erratic behavior.Yet, she continues her cycle of independence mixed with dependence that does little for improving her condition. In a way, she is the person who is interrupting her own life with her own egregious behavior. Of course, Lisa’s mental illness is clearly the reason for her erratic behavior. However, it is her responsibility to take the necessa ry steps to seek to improve her condition. However, she refuses to do this and opts instead to partake in essentially anarchist behavior that does nothing to improve her condition.As such, it becomes difficult to sympathize with her plight since she is so self-centered and self-absorbed. In light of this, there is certain sympathy present with the character. However, such sympathy can only go so far if she is unwilling to do what is necessary to help herself. In actuality, only she can improve her condition and through the bulk of the film she seems resistant to do this. Bibliography Mangold, James, Dir. Girl, Interrupted. Perf Winona Ryder and Angelina Jolie. 2000. DVD. Sony Pictures, 2001. Kaysen, Sussana. Girl, Interrupted New York: Vintage Books, 1994.

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business

In this paper I will discuss environmental regulations and labor laws in place in Thailand and Singapore. This paper will show that while Singapore seems to have stricter environmental regulations in place in it’s country, the labor laws in Thailand seems to protect its citizens better with better work hour regulations and wage requirements. Singapore’s labor laws can stand to be revisited so as to keep the working citizens safe from greedy business owners. What are Thailand and Singapore’s environmental regulation levels? Thailand’s government has been known to keep loose environmental standards for investors. Many foreign investors have been used to Thailand’s loose environmental regulation, however, the country’s government is now struggling to deal with tough new environmental regulations. An upheaval from residents in some of the more industrial areas of Thailand has set in motion a movement to toughen environmental regulations, which has many companies like Ford thinking of relocating some of its manufacturing plants. Singapore, however, has very strict environmental regulations in place, with an extension of liability even reaching to directors and officers of the companies that operate in Singapore. The government in Singapore has passed strict laws to ensure that corporations operating in the country do not compromise the health of their people. Violators of the environmental regulations in Singapore may even face mandatory jail time if found guilty of participating in activities that are deemed harmful to the environment and the people living in the area. What kind of legislation has been passed in the country regarding working hours and wages? The Department of Labor in Thailand enforces labor laws in the country. Currently, Thailand has some pretty good labor laws in place to protect it’s citizens. The most hours a person can work per day in Thailand is 8 hours per day or 48 hours per week. If the job is deemed hazardous, the workday is considered complete after 7 hours, or 42 hours per week. Employees must be paid overtime pay at a rate of 1. 5 to three times the normal hourly rate when the maximum amount of hours has been surpassed. The minimum daily wage rate varies, depending on location. Some provincial areas can pay a daily rate of 137 baht, or $3. 43 U. S. dollars, whereas the daily rate can be 175 baht or $4. 38 U. S. dollars in Bangkok. Office and management staff working full-time hours can earn about 15,000 baht (US $375) to 150,000 baht (US $3,750) per month, depending on the level of management and experience. Singapore does not have any regulations in place with regard to a minimum wage for it’s workers. The Employment Act in Singapore only stipulates that workers be paid timely, which is translated to mean at least once a month. Workers who make less than 2,000 SGD per month may not be required to work more than eight hours a day or 44 hours per week. Employees working in management positions or higher may be permitted to work longer hours, depending on what terms are outlined in their contract. Do you think the country's environmental regulation is sufficient? Explain. It seems Singapore has sufficient environmental regulations in place, what with punishments which include jail time for those found guilty of infraction of the regulations. However, I feel that Thailand still has a long way to go in establishing effective environmental regulations. The people of Thailand are still fighting to get proper regs in place to keep their environment and their people safe and healthy. It seems that Thailand is reluctantly coming around, however, the threat of losing many of its foreign investors because of new environmental regulations might hinder any real progress. Do you feel that the country's hour and wage legislation is ethical? Explain. Thailand’s hour and wage regulations are adequate; however, Singapore’s hour and wage regulation still leave way too much room for employees to be taken advantage of by their employers. The fact there is no national minimum wage requirement leaves too much room for employers to underpay their employees. There is also no regulation in place to limit the amount of hours per day an employee can work. There is also no regulation for overtime pay. The lack of regulation in place to determine how many hours per day or week a person can work before overtime pay is required leaves the employees at the mercy of their employers. References http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704182004575056421383885014.html http://www.business-in-asia.com/thai_labor_law.htm http://www.ehow.com/list_5989991_labor-laws-singapore.html

Investigation of effective Bluetooth security features The WritePass Journal

Investigation of effective Bluetooth security features Introduction Investigation of effective Bluetooth security features IntroductionSteps in Authentication ProcessConfidentialityTrust levels, Service levels, and AuthorizationsReferencesRelated Introduction Bluetooth signals can be easily intercepted, as can any other type of wireless signals. Therefore, the Bluetooth specification calls for the built-in security to discourage eavesdropping and attempts to falsify the origin of messages, which is called â€Å"spoofing†. This section provides an overview of the security mechanisms included in the Bluetooth specifications to illustrate their limitations and provide a foundation for some of the security recommendations. In this example, Bluetooth security is provided between the mobile phone and the laptop computer. IEEE 802.11 security protects the wireless local area network link which is between the laptop computer and the IEEE 802.11 AP. The communications on the wired network are not protected by the Bluetooth security. 1. Three Basic Security Services The three basic security services specified in the Bluetooth standard are authentication, confidentiality and authorization. Authentication     ­Prevents spoofing and unwanted access to critical data and functions. It is the process of verifying the identity of the communication devices. User authentication is not provided natively by Bluetooth. The Bluetooth device authentication procedure is in the front of a challenge-response scheme. The device attempting to prove its identity in an authentication process is the claimant and the device validating the identity of the claimant is the verifier. The challenge-response protocol validates devices by verifying the knowledge of a secret key, which is the Bluetooth link key. Steps in Authentication Process   Step 1: The verifier transmits a 128-bit random challenge (AU_RAND) to the claimant, which is obtained from the random number generator derived from a pseudo-random process within the Bluetooth device. Step 2: The claimant uses the E1 algorithm to compute an authentication response using its unique 48-bit Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR), the link key, and AU_RAND as inputs. The verifier does the same computation. Step 3: The claimant returns the most significant 32 bits of the E1 output as the computed response, SRES to the verifier. Step 4: The verifier uses a comparator to compare the SRES from the claimant and its own computed value from the E1 algorithm. Step 5: If both the values are the equal, the authentication is considered successful. If not, the authentication has failed. The 5 steps accomplishes one-way authentication. The Bluetooth standards allow both one-way and mutual authentication to be performed. For mutual authentication, the steps are repeated with the verifier and claimant switching roles. Confidentiality Preventing information compromise caused by ensuring that only authorised devices can access and view data. To provide confidentiality to the user’s data, encryption technique is used by the Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth has three Encryption Modes. The modes are as follows: Encryption Mode 1: No encryption is performed on any traffic. Encryption Mode 2: Individually addressed traffic is encrypted using encryption keys based on individual link keys. Broadcast traffic is not encrypted. Encryption Mode 3: All traffic is encrypted using an encryption key based on the master link key. The encryption key is produced using an internal key generator (KG). The KG produces stream cipher keys based on 128-bit link key, 128 bit EN_RAND and 96-bit ACO value which is the least significant bits from the E1 algorithm of authentication process. A key stream output is exclusive-OR-ed with the payload bits and sent to the receiving device. This stream key is produced using a cryptographic algorithm based on linear feedback shift registers (LFSR). The clock provides the slot number. The encryption function E0 output is exclusive-OR-ed with the sender data and transmitted. The received data is exclusive-OR-ed with the keystream and original data is retrieved. Trust levels, Service levels, and Authorizations The Bluetooth levels of trust are Trusted device: fixed relationship with another device and has full access to all services. Untrusted device: does not have an established relationship and hence restricted access to services. The security services defined for Bluetooth devices are Service level 1: requires authorization and authentication. Automatic access is granted to trusted device; untrusted devices need manual authorization. Service level 2:   requires authentication only; authorization is not necessary. Access to an application is granted only after an authentication procedure. Service level 3:   open to all devices, with no authentication required. Access is granted automatically. 2. Security Modes The various versions of Bluetooth specifications define four security modes. Each Bluetooth device must operate in one of the four modes. Security Mode 1: a non secure mode. Authentication and encryption are bypassed leaving the device and connections susceptible to attackers. This mode is only supported in v2.0 + EDR devices. Security mode 2: a service level-enforced security mode. The security procedures are initiated after LMP link establishment but before L2CAP channel establishment. The authentication and encryption mechanisms in this mode are implemented at the LMP layer. All Bluetooth devices support this security mode 2. Security Mode 3: link level-enforces security mode. The Bluetooth device initiates the security procedures before the physical link is fully established. This mode mandates authentication and encryption for all connections to and from the devics. This mode is supported only in v2.0 + EDR devices. Security Mode 4: a service level-enforced security mode like the security mode 2. But the security procedures are initiated after link setup. Authentication and encryption algorithms are identical to the algorithms in Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR and earlier versions. This is mandatory for v2.1 + EDR devices. Appendix D- Online Resources References Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Bluetooth 2.0 and 2.1 specifications, bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/Building/Specifications/ Bluetooth Special Interest Group, â€Å"Bluetooth Security White Paper†, May 2002, bluetooth.com/NR/rdonlyres/E870794C-2788-49BF-96D3- C9578E0AE21D/0/security_whitepaper_v1.pdf Bluetooth Special Interest Group, â€Å"Simple Pairing Whitepaper†, August 2006, http://bluetooth.com/NR/rdonlyres/0A0B3F36-D15F-4470-85A6- F2CCFA26F70F/0/SimplePairing_WP_V10r00.pdf Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), â€Å"DoD Bluetooth Headset Security Requirements Matrix†, Version 2.0, 07 April 2008, http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/checklist/dod_bluetooth_headset_security_requirements_matrix_v2- 0_7april2008.pdf Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), â€Å"DoD Bluetooth Smart Card Reader Security Requirements Matrix†, Version 2.0, 01 June 2007, http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/checklist/DoD-Bluetooth- Smart-Card-Reader-Security-Requirements-Matrix.pdf Y. Lu, W. Meier, and S. Vaudenay, â€Å"The Conditional Correlation Attack: A Practical Attack on Bluetooth Encryption†, http://lasecwww.epfl.ch/pub/lasec/doc/LMV05.pdf

A Summary of the National Response Framework

â€Å"Response doctrine influences the way in which policy and plans are developed, forces are organized and trained, and equipment is procured. It promotes unity of purpose, guides professional judgment, and enables responders to best fulfill their responsibilities. (NFR, January 2008, Page 8 and 9) This summary draws upon multiple documents from one primary source, the Department of Homeland Security web site. Upon examination of these documents it became clear that as our country faced more frequent and destructive disasters, the more collaborative our preparation, response and recovery efforts had to become; and to coordinate that kind of multi-systems response our first responders and decision makers would need a framework from which to provide a powerful unified response. That document is the National Response Framework. Researching and summarizing this document is a crucial foundation to understanding 21st Century emergency management in the United States. A Summary of the National Response Framework â€Å"To prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies, the United States Government shall establish a single, comprehensive approach to domestic incident management. † — Homeland Security Presidential Directive – 5 (NPR Brochure, page 2) The National Response Framework (NRF) is a 90-page guide to how the United States conducts all-hazards response.As a student exploring the field of emergency management as a career possibility, it is clear that the National Response Framework is the essential first-step to having a better understanding of how incident response will be conducted now and in the future. Furthermore, it is the fundamental directive on how local, state and federal preparation, planning, mitigation and recove ry will be forged, as well. So if one wants to be effective in emergency management, one must first become knowledgeable of this framework.The National Response Framework is guided by the input of hundreds of stakeholders, written for government executives, private-sector and nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders, and emergency management practitioners to establish a comprehensive national approach to domestic incident response. The NRF works because it sharpens the focus on who is involved with emergency management at the local, tribal, state and federal levels and with the private sector and NGOs; describes what we as a nation collectively do to respond to incidents; explains how we are organized to implement response actions; and emphasizes the importance of planning.It allows first responders, decision-makers and supporting entities to provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies. (NFP- Fact Sheet, page 4) This document is a result of twenty years of federal planning documents. The NRF was preceded 15 years earlier by a Federal Response Plan (1992) that focused largely on federal roles and responsibilities only. (NFP, January 2008, page 2) However, after the 9/11 attacks, urgent efforts were made to understand and implement common incident management and response principles to develop common planning frameworks.President George W. Bush directed the development of the National Respon se Plan (NRP) in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 5, in February 2003. It was published one year after creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the National Strategy for Homeland Security (Strategy). (NFP, January 2008, page 2 and 12) The NRP formed the basis for how the federal government would coordinate with state, local and tribal governments and the private sector during the response to a national incident.It was the cornerstone for the eventual maturation to the National Response Framework. The NRP brought together best practices from a range of disciplines including: homeland security, emergency management, law enforcement, firefighting, public works, public health and the private sector and integrated them into one unified structure. This unified structure provided the ability to coordinate federal support to state, local and tribal incident managers. (NFP, January 2008, page 12)President Bush’s Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 5 also ordered the development of the National Incident Management System (NIM S), which continues to bring together federal, state, local and tribal emergency responders into a single system for managing incidents. The NIMS enables responders at all levels to work together more effectively to manage domestic incidents no matter what the cause, size or complexity. (Homeland Security Under Secretary Kicks Off National Response Plan Workshops In D. C. April 15, 2005)The National Response Plan was then renamed the National Response Framework in 2008, to better align the document with its intent. Stakeholders suggested that the NRP did not constitute a true operational plan in the sense understood by emergency managers but rather a construct for coordinated national incident management. The new National Response Framework is based directly on the NRP and retains much of its content. (NFP, page2) As mentioned previously, many of these systems developed as a response to the 9/11 attacks.The NRF is actually a requirement of the larger overarching National Strategy for Homeland Security (Strategy) that serves to guide and coalesce our countrys security efforts to achieving the following four goals: Prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks. Protect the American people and our critical infrastructure and key resources. Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur. Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success. The NRF obviously addresses the third goal.

Employment law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employment law - Assignment Example Sam was hired as an employee and Arnie was hired as an independent contractor. They both work in the same BRC office under the same supervisor. They both work Monday through Friday during standard business hours. Both are required to report weekly staff meetings. Sam is paid a salary and proper federal and state tax withholdings are made. Arnie does not receive benefits like retirement and health insurance and he is paid by the project with no federal and state withholdings. Arnie signed a contract that clearly stated that he was an independent contractor and not an employee. Answer: the employer has acted to fill a particular position, when the individual has followed the employer’s standard procedures for submitting applications, and when the individual has indicated an interest in the particular position. 8. Under the inevitable disclosure theory, a court may prohibit an employee from working for a former employer’s competitor, if the employer can show that there is imminent threat that a trade secret will be shared and the employee has intent to disclose the secret, and the trade secret would give the former employer’s competitor a significant advantage in the market. 1. Colton Manufacturing shuts down 3 manufacturing facilities without prior notice to its 3000 employees. Colton has graciously offered to provide outsourcing assistance to its displaced employees and informed them of their rights to continue to receive health insurance coverage through COBRA for eighteen months. Colton has to further liability to its former employees. 3. An employer can successfully defend a charge of disparate treatment discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act offering a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the action taken regarding the charging party. 5. Davis Hosiery Mills has each new employee sign a form acknowledging receipt of the company’s handbook. The handbook states that employees will be terminated for good cause